Safety and Security Science Review

Cover

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 09:39:19 +0200

Impress

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 09:41:36 +0200

Full Issue - 2025. Vol. VII. - No. 3.

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 09:43:19 +0200

A historical overview of battlefield wounded care in the light of today's modern tools

László Morvay, Endre Szűcs — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 10:45:56 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.1

Every major military conflict has contributed to the advancement of wound treatment techniques and equipment. From the primitive surgical interventions of ancient times to the advanced medical procedures used in modern warfare, numerous innovations have emerged that have improved the survival chances of the wounded. In the modern era, technological innovations have revolutionized casualty care. Portable ultrasound and CT devices have made it possible to diagnose injuries quickly and accurately, even under battlefield conditions. The use of robotics and telemedicine has further increased the effectiveness of treatments. Innovative tools aimed at reducing blood loss and stabilizing injuries have significantly improved survival rates. This study, following these lines of development, presents how lessons from the past have contributed to today’s technological innovations, and how future advancements may impact military medical care.

Cybersecurity Profiles Among Generation Z and Alpha

Judit Módné Takács, Monika Pogátsnik — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 10:49:22 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.15

Due to the increased online presence of Gen Z and Alpha, their cybersecurity awareness is a critical social issue. The aim of this research was to assess the cybersecurity awareness of Gen Z and Alpha, identify influencing factors, and uncover user profiles. The study employed a quantitative survey methodology with a sample of 3275 young individuals from Fejér County, Hungary. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, alongside K-means cluster analysis. Results indicated no significant difference in overall awareness levels between the generations. Average daily internet usage was found to be negatively correlated with awareness. Cluster analysis identified five distinct profiles: "Proactive Protectors," "Average Users," "Technologically Confident," "Passively Cautious," and "Vulnerable Novices." Higher parental educational attainment was significantly associated with membership in more aware profiles. Cybersecurity awareness exhibits complex patterns. The identified profiles allow for the development of targeted prevention strategies to address the specific risks of each group.

Increasing energy efficiency while maintaining comfort: examining compromises and economic considerations

Szilárd Attila Márkos — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 11:44:32 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.29

The aim of this study is to explore the extent to which energy efficiency can be increased in residential and smart buildings without reducing user comfort. Although numerous studies in various fields of building engineering have demonstrated significant energy-saving potential, they often apply optimizations that reduce user comfort. In contrast, this review seeks to identify the critical threshold at which comfort remains unchanged, while the system becomes more energy efficient.

Energy suppliers using dynamic pricing offer significant financial incentives to consumers who are willing to make small changes to their consumption habits. Numerous studies show that smart home systems using artificial intelligence can achieve significant financial savings, and these processes take place automatically without users having to pay attention to them.

The analysis can contribute to striking a balance between economic expectations and user needs.

Organization of live-force protection of a military radar object

András Braun, Richárd Pető — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 11:55:04 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.39

Hungary military facility equipped with radars located in five settlements in different parts of the country. Each object is equipped with different types of radar, where radars can detect air targets at different angles, altitudes and distances. What all facilities have in common is that the protection of the object is essential for its smooth operation. In the course of our research, we would like to describe the organization of the live-force protection of a military radar object. In our study, we aimed to establish an armed security guard, describe its main tasks, order of use of coercive means and discuss the rules for the use of firearms.

Case Studies of Potentially Hazardous Near-Earth Objects with Pre-Impact Detections Threatening Critical Infrastructures

Nándor Rezsabek — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.49

In recent years, the detection, discovery and investigation of so-called Pre-Impact Detection or Past Impactor Potentially Hazardous Objects (PHO) Near-Earth Objects (NEO) have been a prominent area in the research of small celestial bodies in the Solar System. As a result, their monitoring has become a separate sub-area in terms of managing the cosmic risk posed by extraterrestrial objects. The aim of this study is to present the planetary background, the history of the detection of these celestial bodies, their monitoring systems, their number and their characteristic physical properties. From the investigations aimed at this, it is also to present in detail, as a case study, a case of high importance from a civil, military and scientific perspective, which fundamentally affects the issue of securi-ty and has potentially endangered a civil and national defense critical infrastructure.

The financial sector in cyberspace: risks, trends, and strategic responses for protecting critical infrastructure

Oliver Gulyas, Gábor Kiss — Tue, 23 Sep 2025 11:06:00 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.63

This study examines cyberattacks targeting the financial sector, aiming to explore why financial institutions have become primary targets of attacks. The analysis provides an overview of the main types of cyberattacks, their technological, economic, and social impacts, as well as the relevant regulatory frameworks at both and international and EU levels. The research draws on the most recent reports from the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, the European Parliament, and other professional organizations. Special attention is given to sector-specific vulnerabilities, targeted attack patterns—such as phishing, ransomware, DDoS attacks, and social engineering techniques—and their long-term consequences. An important finding is that cybersecurity vulnerabilities in the financial sector not only result in direct financial losses but may also undermine social stability and political trust. The study concludes with policy recommendations aimed at strengthening regulatory frameworks, enhancing technological defenses, and improving cybersecurity awareness and education for both financial institutions and users.

Presentation of a Condition Monitoring System for a Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Asynchronous Motor and Analysis of Stator-Rotor Current Spectrum with Signal Analysis Safety Aspects

István Bendiák — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 14:43:44 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.75

The condition monitoring of electrical machines holds outstanding importance in modern industry. Although the three-phase wound-rotor asynchronous motor is less frequently used nowadays, it remains advantageous in applications requiring high starting torque, such as crane drives. Due to its specific structure involving sliding contacts, it is particularly sensitive to various faults, making early detection essential. The system examined in this study is based on the spectral analysis of stator and rotor currents. Through spectral analysis, characteristic faults such as broken rotor bars or eccentricity can be identified. The application of Fourier analysis helps extract useful information from the measured signals. The aim of the research is to present an efficient condition monitoring system suitable for industrial applications. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the structure of the proposed monitoring system, the methodology of spectral analysis, and the importance of signal quality in safety-critical environments. Ultimately, the research contributes to improving the operational safety and maintenance strategies of wound-rotor asynchronous motors.

Historical development of lightning protection and within lightning current distribution simulation

Gabor Szijártó, Károly Kovács — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 14:53:14 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.97
Lightning protection in Hungary began to take a regulated form in the 1930s with the introduction of the first stan-dard, MOSZ 274. Dr. Tibor Horváth played a significant role in advancing lightning protection research and educa-tion, resulting in the MSZ 274 standard series, which laid the foundation for national practices. During the 1960s, new perspectives emerged, such as the "rolling sphere" method, which gained worldwide recognition. From the 1990s, the modeling and simulation of lightning current distribution became increasingly important, supported by developments in electro-geometric mo-dels and computer simulations. Today, the design of lightning protection systems is governed by the MSZ EN 62305 standard series, which compre-hensively addresses the protection of buildings and electrical systems against both physical and overvoltage effects. Simulation tools such as CDEGS and ATP-EMTP enable more accurate modeling of lightning currents, enhancing the safety and efficiency of protective measures. These advances ensure that lightning protection systems remain reliable and meet modern technological demands.

Safety classification of hydrogen technologies: concept and empirical validation of the HISI model

István Szén, Mónika Bakosné Diószegi, Ervin Rácz — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 15:01:01 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.113

Hydrogen, a key energy carrier in the EU’s green transition, is gaining an increasingly dominant role in modern energy systems. However, no unified, hydrogen-specific accident classification framework currently exists. We identified a research gap and found that existing industrial safety incident scales are unsuitable, without major compromises, for consequence-based and structured classification of hydrogen incidents. To address this, we developed the Hydrogen Incident Severity Indicator (HISI) scale. Its validity was confirmed through an empirical method by retrospectively classifying past incidents. HISI is objective, industry-independent, and interoperable, enabling the severity classification of hydrogen incidents and supporting consistent risk communication and regulatory harmonization

Reliable and Safe Communication for Contemporary Railway Systems

Gergely Kún, Tibor Wührl — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.129

Digital communication technologies play an important role in the data networks that support modern railway transport. Contemporary railway systems—especially those employing automated train control solutions—place strict requirements on the underlying communication infrastructure. These include high reliability, deterministic behavior, and rapid recovery in the event of connection failures. This paper examines both the operational conditions, technologies, and protocols applied in railway communication infrastructures, and the most important safety-related risks. It provides an in-depth, component-level analysis of latency as a critical hazard. By identifying the different causes of communication delay, it becomes possible to establish clear technical requirements and protocol-level solutions aimed at enhancing reliability and safety. The approaches presented support future network design and contribute to the sustainable development of railway transport.

Consumer survey on self-driving technology, broken down by gender

Patrik Viktor, Gábor Kiss — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 15:17:55 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.143

Self-driving vehicle technology is receiving increasing attention in the development of modern transport systems, particularly as a result of growing demand for sustainable mobility solutions and technological innovations. However, understanding consumer acceptance is essential for the successful social integration of this technology, with particular regard to gender differences in attitudes, trust and safety expectations. This study presents the results of a comprehensive consumer survey, in which we used the Mann-Whitney U test to analyse how men and women's opinions differ on the use of self-driving technology. The results show that although there are no significant differences between the sexes on many issues, significant differences can be observed in certain areas, such as passenger safety. Based on the results of the research, specific recommendations can be made to decision-makers and technology developers to promote the acceptance of self-driving technologies, improve safety perceptions and ensure the successful integration of the technology into transport systems.

Managing information security risks and core vulnerabilities of large language models

Sándor Bottyán — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 15:23:41 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.157

Managing information security risks and core vulnerabilities of large language models Nagy nyelvi modellek őssebezhetőségeinek információbiztonsági kockázatai és kezelésük The spread of large language models (LLMs) has created new opportunities in information management and enterprise efficiency, while simultaneously exposing a several of new cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This study aims to map the most critical risks associated with LLMs, with particular emphasis on the protection of organizational information assets and the assurance of electronic information security. Based on a comparative analysis of the OWASP Top 10 for LLM publications, the research identifies "core vulnerabilities" that persistently feature within the constantly evolving threat landscape. The study analyzes the technical and organizational risks associated with these vulnerabilities, as well as their impact on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of LLM ecosystems. Furthermore, it proposes the introduction of risk management and compliance mechanisms that holistically address the security challenges arising from LLMs at both organizational and technological levels.

Artificial Intelligence in cybersecurity: anomalies in the tracking (application of machine learning techniques to detect network anomalies)

Robert Oláh — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 15:30:13 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.167

With the rise of digitalization, cybersecurity has become one of the most critical areas of our time. The IT infrastructures of corporate and government systems are exposed to various cyber attacks every day, such as DDoS attacks, data leaks, network penetration attempts or even internal unauthorized activities. These events can cause serious damage not only financially but also in terms of reputation. Network models and their operation play an important role in building IT infrastructures. The reliable operation of modern IT systems fundamentally depends on the stability and protection of network infrastructures. With the increase in digital traffic, threats to networks are also becoming increasingly complex and frequent. In the IT network, countless network devices have a role in the operation of the network. Network anomalies are becoming an increasingly challenging issue in network traffic. The aim of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of various machine learning algorithms for detecting network anomalies in the cybersecurity context.

Artificial Intelligence in Everyday Life: Application Areas and Generational Characteristics Based on the Results of a Primary Research

Csaba Berényi, Ágnes Csiszárik-Kocsir — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 15:36:51 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.179

Artificial intelligence is playing an increasingly important role in education, research, information processing, and digital interactions. This study examines the use of AI-based solutions across generational differences. The research covers ten areas of application, including language learning, data collection, information summarization, source searching, translation, essay writing, and role-playing. We measured the intensity of AI use on a five-point Likert scale, allowing for statistical analysis of differences between generations. AI is most commonly used for language learning, research, and resource search, while role-playing and essay writing are less common. Generational differences are clearly observable: while Generation Z uses AI more intensively in all areas examined, Generations X and Y primarily use these technologies for professional and research purposes. Our results highlight that the prevalence and functional diversity of AI use is closely related to generational characteristics.

New opportunities in occupational accident data processing: investigating the prerequisites for AI-based support (part one)

Zoltán Herényi — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 15:43:06 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.193

In the aftermath of a serious or fatal workplace accident, legal proceedings critically depend on the conclusions of official investigations. These essential insights must often be established within hours, directly at the accident site and under psychologically demanding condi-tions. The advancement of artificial intel-ligence enables the development of de-cision-support systems that may reduce the likelihood of human error. This, however, requires that regulatory knowledge be transformed into a reliable, machine-readable data structure. The present study investigates how, based on the official Methodological Guide, a su-itable framework can be designed to sup-port AI-based accident investigations. While the study does not cover all sta-tistical outcomes of practical implementa-tion, it provides a foundation for a more detailed, data-driven analysis to be presented in a subsequent article.

Pandemics from an occupational safety perspective – Review

Mátyás Simon — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0200

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12700/btsz.2025.7.3.209

Analyzing the history of pandemics and the procedures used to create safe working conditions and mapping the connection points. Throughout human history, the study of epidemics shows that defenses against epidemics have constantly changed and evolved. Many pandemics have put humanity and healthcare to the test, where in addition to the use of personal protective equipment, collective defenses were also of prime importance in order to reduce biological risks. Epidemics also pose serious challenges to today's advanced health care worldwide, where occupational health and safety has played a prominent role. The regulations defined in the laws, standards, and documents related to health and safety at work help to a great extent to create appropriate and safe working conditions and to choose appropriate and effective personal protective equipment.